The
last two chapters only provided indirect or suggestive evidence that the
Bible is the Word of God. I continued to struggle with the gnawing doubt that
perhaps the benefits associated with the Bible could be explained another way,
without requiring God? Therefore, the following chapters will focus on the
direct evidence of the Scriptures. In this chapter, I want to argue that the
Torah couldn’t have been the invention of men. Why not? It doesn’t reflect the
interests or perspectives of men but of God. (My following essay had been
published by the Christian Research
Journal.)
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In
contrast, the Wellhausen Hypothesis (The Documentary Hypothesis - DH) had
asserted that the Old Testament (OT), especially the Torah, is nothing more
than the product of numerous editors who cut and pasted the OT together from a
shabby assortment of previously existing documents in order to suit their
political agendas. Here’s how Wikipedia describes it:
- “The documentary hypothesis…proposes that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) was derived from originally independent, parallel and complete narratives, which were subsequently combined into the current form by a series of redactors [editors].[i] “
Many
have ably critiqued the DH. The late OT scholar, Gleason Archer, concluded:
- “The Wellhausen theory was allegedly based upon the evidence of the text itself, and yet the evidence of the text is consistently evaded whenever it happens to go counter to the theory.[ii] “
However,
there are other ways to debunk the DH. One way argues that the OT reflects a Divine agenda rather than a human one,
as claimed by the DH. Here are just a very limited number of evidences
that we might consider:
Instead of giving the
Israelites a sense of superiority, Moses (and the Prophets) consistently
revealed how utterly unworthy they were of anything from God:
- “It is not because of your righteousness or your integrity that you are going in to take possession of their land; but on account of the wickedness of these nations, the Lord your God will drive them out before you, to accomplish what he swore to your fathers, to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Understand, then, that it is not because of your righteousness that the Lord your God is giving you this good land to possess, for you are a stiff-necked people.” (Deut. 9:5-6)
Israel
wasn’t chosen by God because they were superior. Instead, they were a stubborn,
“stiff-necked” people. No nation, trying to convince its people that they were
worthy (and this is what people want) would ever try to portray themselves this
way. Why should Israel accept such a disparaging revelation unless the
hand of God had been so manifestly present!
In
contrast to this disparaging picture, religions use marketplace strategies to
lend appeal to their products. Orthodox Jewish writer, David Klinghoffer,
concludes that Jewish rejection of Jesus is founded in “the mystic uniqueness
of the Jewish essence or nature. There was something distinct about the Jewish
soul…The Jewish soul feels the worlds, in a remarkably visceral way, as
unredeemed.”
He
bases this opinion upon Judah Loeb’s famous interpretation of the Talmud
tractate, Avodah Zarah, which stated
that God had offered the Torah to all the other nations first, “to see if they
possessed a predisposition to the Torah, and did not find it in them,” in
contrast to what God found in the Jews.[iii]
This
type of chauvinism (the aggrandizement of one’s own people ) is found in all
religions. For instance, the Koran reads:
·
“You
are the best nation ever brought forth to men, bidding to honour, and
forbidding dishonour, and believing in Allah.” (Surah 3:110-112)
·
“The
unbelievers of the People of the Book and the idolaters shall be in the Fire of
Gehenna, therein dwelling forever; those are the worst of creatures.” (Surah
98:6)
Why
is the OT, specifically the Torah, so different in this regards? Perhaps
because it confronts us with a Divine perspective, rather than a human agenda!
Moses prophesied
Israel’s inevitable failures and sufferings:
- “But to this day the Lord has not given you a mind that understands or eyes that see or ears that hear”. (Deut. 29:4; 30:6)
- “He [Israel] abandoned the God who made him and rejected the Rock his Savior. They made him jealous with their foreign gods and angered him with their detestable idols. They sacrificed to demons, which are not God…You deserted the Rock, who fathered you; you forgot the God who gave you birth. The Lord saw this and rejected them…they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful.” (Deut. 32:15-19)
No one would invent
such a religion! Whenever we try to sell a product, we assure the buyer that
they will profit from it. Instead, Moses assured the people that they would
fail and suffer because of this religion.
Why then did Israel
persevere with this humanly offensive faith? Why did they acknowledge such
books as canonical? Only because God had made His presence surpassingly
tangible to Israel! They had been deprived of any reason to deny that the books
of the Bible came from Him.
Religions not only
aggrandize their particular followers, they also prophesy only their future blessedness. However, the Torah (and especially
the Prophets) mentions the eventual blessedness of the Gentiles (the other nations). God gave Moses a song to teach to
Israel, covering both their past and future. It concludes this way:
- “Rejoice, O nations, with his people, for he will avenge the blood of his servants; he will take vengeance on his enemies and make atonement for his land and people.” (Deut. 32:43)
Our Patriarchal
forefathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, are portrayed as scoundrels, pimps,
cheats and liars-–not the heroes that the Jewish commentaries portray them to
be.
For instance:
- “The Kuzari (Rabbi Judah HaLevi, 1075-1141) states that Abraham was gifted with high intelligence; and, as Maimonides (1135-1204) describes, Abraham didn't blindly accept the ubiquitous idolatry. The whole populace had been duped, but the young Abraham contemplated the matter relentlessly, finally arriving at the conclusion that there is One God.”[iv]
However,
these rabbis have absolutely no Biblical or historical justification for their
claims, just their own fanciful speculations. Unsurprisingly, God chose Abraham
because he was more deserving—more virtuous than others, from a Jewish
perspective:
- “Abram tried to convince his father, Terach, of the folly of idol worship. One day, when Abram was left alone to mind the store, he took a hammer and smashed all of the idols except the largest one. He placed the hammer in the hand of the largest idol. When his father returned and asked what happened, Abram said, "The idols got into a fight, and the big one smashed all the other ones." His father said, "Don't be ridiculous. These idols have no life or power. They can't do anything." Abram replied, "Then why do you worship them?’"[v]
- “Abraham nomadically wandered the length and breadth of the land proclaiming his belief, and he was so successful that he converted thousands to monotheism. His method was one of kindness—he set up a motel and after feeding and watering wayfarers they were introduced to the true belief and blessed G-d the Provider. Abraham converted the men and Sarah the women, and together they successfully brought many souls under the wings of the Shechinah, hence resensitizing the world to G-dliness.”[vi]
These
legends reflect our human tendency to aggrandize our forefathers. However,
according the Genesis account, there was very little appealing about them. They
are hardly the role-models that we’d invent in order to make our religion
appealing to perspective buyers. Instead, we find that there is only one
Role-Model.
Jacob, who was later
named “Israel” through his baffling encounter with God, became the namesake of
the Israelite nation.
However, according to the Genesis account, he was far less than virtuous. He
not only connived his brother Esau out of his birthright (Genesis 25:29-34), he
also deceived his father into giving him the blessing Isaac had intended for
Esau! (Genesis 27)
The
other Israelite heroes are similarly tarnished. The patriarch Judah, the
namesake of the Jewish people, visited prostitutes and had intercourse with his
daughter-in-law. Moses, arguably the greatest Israelite, was even portrayed as
a sinner who was unworthy to enter the Promised Land (Deuteronomy 34).
The future monarchy,
rather than being presented as God’s ideal, appears to be God’s reluctant
concession to His stubborn people. The kings are warned that they are no better
or more deserving than others and are subject to the same laws (Deut.
17:19-20). This legislation does not reflect the interests of the monarchy or
ruling class, whose interest it would have been to promote a strong and unassailable
monarchy possessing the divine rights of Kingship.
The laws protecting
the poor and marginalized could not have been the product of the rich and
privileged.
The poor could glean grapes and grain from the vineyards of the rich (Deut.
24:24-25). Such a law could not protect the interests of the rich and powerful
who characteristically make such laws to protect their own interests. Instead,
we are hard-pressed to understand the Mosaic Laws as humanly derived.
Wellhausen, on the other hand, postulated that the Israelite religion had
been the product of the rich and powerful. However, so many of its laws
fail to reflect this self-serving perspective. For instance, the Sabbath Year
specified, “At
the end of every seven years you must cancel debts.” (Deut. 15:1-2).
Such a law could not
favor the rich and powerful! What then could explain its source, if not God!
Slaves had to be freed:
- “If a fellow Hebrew, a man or a woman, sells himself to you and serves you six years, in the seventh year you must let him go free.” (Deut. 15:12)
This too would not coincide with the interests of the rich and powerful,
the alleged authors of the Bible. Nor would the institution of a Sabbath Day,
which gave rest to both slaves and animals, be the invention of the educated
writers.
The
Jubilee took the land from the rich and powerful, returning this original
inheritance to the poor (Lev. 25:13). Such
a law went against prevailing interests to such a degree that we don’t have any
evidence that it was ever followed!
Whenever
soldiers feared for their safety, the law encouraged them to go AWOL – hardly
the legislation of a ruling class wanting to protect its interests:
- “Then the officers shall add, “Is any man afraid or fainthearted? Let him go home…”’(Deut. 20:8)
The
Levites were not legally entitled to any inheritance of land. Land was wealth!
Why would the priestly caste ever institute or allow such legislation unless it
came from above!
The
ordained holidays do not commemorate any historical event (the Passover is the
one clear exception) but instead are almost entirely lacking in historical
content. However, nations do not establish undefined holidays. No one would
embrace them!
For
instance, the purpose for the “Feast of Trumpets” was never specified.
Therefore, the Rabbis invented a meaning for it. They called the day, “Rosh
Hashanah” (the head of the year) or “New Years Day.” How strange not to know
the significance of one’s holidays! Had they been humanly ordained, there never
would have been any question!
Holidays
commemorate past events. Characteristically, all of Israel’s non-divinely-ordained holidays are
commemorative. Hanukkah commemorates the cleansing of the Temple and the
Maccabean military victories. Purim commemorates the salvation of the
Jewish people in Persia. T’sha b’Av commemorates the destruction of the
Temple. Simchat Torah commemorates the giving of the Law on Sinai.
Similarly,
we assign dates to occasions we want to remember – dates that serve to define
us as a nation. Not so the Torah! There is no assignment of a date to the
giving of the law, to any military victories or momentous defeats (like Pearl Harbor Day). There is no “Victory
over Jericho” day or “Pharaoh’s Defeat in the Red Sea” day. Instead, it seems
that these dates are important to God, perhaps even prophetic.
The
Law placed everyone under the curse of death:
- "Cursed is the man who does not uphold the words of this law by carrying them out." (Deut. 27:26)
Ordinarily, we would
not accept such a damning religion. Nor would the Rabbis, who qualified this
teaching in several ways! For instance, Rabbi Gerald Sigal wrote,
- “[Deuteronomy 27:26] does not refer to the breaking of the Law by an ordinary individual. It is, as the Rabbis explain, a reference to the authorities in power who fail to enforce the rule of the Law in the land of Israel (Talmud - J.T. Sotah 7:4). The leadership of the nation is thus charged, under pain of the curse, to set the tone for the nation and make the Law the operative force in the life of the nation.”[vii]
Instead,
this verse damns every Israelite, as
do so many other verses (Exod. 20:6; 23:21-22; 24:3; Lev. 26:14-16; Deut. 5:29;
6:24-25; 8:1; 10:12; 11:8, 26-28, 32; 12:28). For this reason, the Psalms
repeatedly inform Israel that their only
hope was in the mercy of God (Psalm 143:2; 32:1-5; 130:3-8)!
Consistent
with this, there is no verse in the OT that applauds Israel in such a manner:
“You Israelites are doing a great job! Keep up the good work!” Instead, the OT
is consistently degrading.
Humanly
speaking, the Torah’s teaching is so humanly degrading and so counter to our
interests that anyone who wanted to gain a following would never invent such a religion! Instead, we humans tend to come to
religion for its benefits and not its
curses!
Meanwhile,
the DH ascribes the OT to human devices and self-serving manipulations.
However, we find the very opposite in the pages of the OT – a religion that
humans would not invent! Instead, it appears that we are looking at a
Divinely-given Book – the very thing that it has always insisted upon!
[ii] Archer, Gleason, Survey of Old
Testament Introductions (110)
[iii] David Klinghoffer, Why the Jews Rejected Jesus, (
215-217).
[iv] http://wiki.answers.com/Q/
[v] http://www.jewfaq.org/origins.htm
[vi] http://
www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/361874/jewish/Abraham.htm
[vii] Sigal, Gerald, The Jew and the Christian Missionary
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